Heat stress robs Indian farm workers of 81 workdays—HR’s hidden productivity crisis

As organizations worldwide grapple with employee wellbeing and productivity, the climate crisis is rewriting the rules for an entire class of workers beyond the corporate office. Indian farm laborers—already among the world's most precarious workforce—are losing 81 working days annually to heat stress, a reality that demands HR professionals in supply chains, agribusiness, and global sourcing rethink duty of care, occupational safety standards, and the true cost of labor in a warming world.

The accelerating climate crisis is exacting a heavy toll on India's vast informal agricultural workforce, with a new study from the UK-based Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit (ECIU) quantifying the staggering loss: Indian farm workers now forgo an average of 81 working days—or 648 hours—each year due to heat stress alone. This figure, the highest among the nations studied, has surged 52% since 1990, underscoring how rising temperatures are not merely a future environmental threat but a present-day economic and humanitarian emergency. The findings, published in the 2026 report Heat Stress & UK Food Imports, illuminate a perilous feedback loop: as heat undermines labor capacity, agricultural output declines, threatening food security both domestically and for import-dependent countries like the United Kingdom.

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With over 40% of India's workforce engaged in farming and allied activities, even a partial mitigation of heat stress could yield substantial economic dividends.

The ECIU analysis, which examined the impact of heat stress on food-supplying nations to the UK, found that across all countries in the study, workers lose an average of 50 working days annually. Alarmingly, the hours lost to heat are increasing by four to five hours each year solely due to climate change. India's disproportionate burden—equivalent to nearly three months of lost productivity per worker each year—reflects the acute vulnerability of laborers in tropical regions where outdoor work is essential and adaptive infrastructure remains scarce. The study's 2024 baseline reveals that the 648 lost hours per Indian worker represents not just an income shock for millions of small and marginal farmers but a systemic risk to global food supply chains.

The human dimension of this data is vividly captured by the testimony of Jagganath, a migrant laborer and contractor from Odisha. Contracted to clean sewage systems in Gurugram ahead of the monsoon, he observes that a task which five workers could previously complete in a week now takes twelve days due to extreme heat disrupting schedules. 'Severe heat puts our bodies out of gear,' he explains, noting that although workers shift to early morning hours, the reduction in working time directly cuts into the earnings they desperately need to support their agricultural activities back home. Jagganath's experience mirrors that of a vast army of migrant laborers who travel from states like Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha to urban centers during lean farming seasons, a critical income diversification strategy that is now being eroded by heat extremes.

The study casts a stark light on the inequality at the heart of climate change. Workers who have contributed least to global greenhouse gas emissions—subsistence farmers and informal manual laborers—are bearing the brunt of productivity loss, while affluent communities and wealthier nations continue to drive the emissions responsible. This dynamic not only entrenches poverty but also imperils the agricultural output on which both local livelihoods and international food markets depend. For the UK, which relies on imports for a significant share of its fresh produce, the decline in Indian farm labor productivity poses a direct threat to supply stability and food prices.